Bank of America Center in Houston, Texas. Principles and characteristics . of Architecture website, "Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future", Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities, Post Modern Architecture at Great Buildings Online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_architecture&oldid=984718096, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 October 2020, at 18:00. 1001 Fifth Avenue building in Manhattan should not to be confused with Portland's, Modern architectural response analyzed by Thomas Schumacher in "Contextualism: Urban Ideals and Deformations," and by, Cited in review of Robert Venturi's "Complexities and Contradiction in Architecture" by Martino Stierli, in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGhirardo1997 (. His intention was to make the building stand out as a corporate symbol among the modernist skyscrapers around it in Manhattan, and he succeeded; it became the best-known of all postmodern buildings. The architect resigned before the structure was completed, and the interior was designed largely after he left the project. By combining various shapes, mediums and themes, the SIS is a daunting and jaunty building that stands apart from other structures in the U.K. Binoculars Building in Los Angeles, California. They urged architects to take into consideration and to celebrate the existing architecture in a place, rather than to try to impose a visionary utopia from their own fantasies. Another alternative to the flat roofs of modernism would exaggerate a traditional roof to call even more attention to it, as when Kallmann McKinnell & Wood's American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, layers three tiers of low hipped roof forms one above another for an emphatic statement of shelter. Portland Building in Portland, Oregon. April 30, 2004. These forms are sculptural and are somewhat playful. Venturi cited the examples of his wife’s and his own buildings, Guild House, in Philadelphia, as examples of a new style that welcomed variety and historical references, without returning to academic revival of old styles. This mixture made for a groundbreaking structure that could stand with historic buildings while having its own touch of flare. Postmodernism is a rejection of the very idea of objectivity and universal truisms in favor of subjective experience and flexible realities. Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two reasons into significant technological change; the first is the contemporary communications have broke… [6], Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans, by Charles Moore, completed 1978, Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley by Charles Moore (1992), Beverly Hills Civic Center by Charles Moore (1990), The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans (1978), a public square composed of an exuberant collection of pieces of famous Italian Renaissance architecture. The building is made up of several building units, all very different. Describing the form, they wrote: "a diagonal line on a white page can be a hill, or a mountain, or slope, an ascent, or a descent." In addition to museums and cultural centers in Japan, he designed the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), (1981–1986), and the COSI Columbus science museum and research center in Columbus, Ohio. Piazza D’Italia in New Orleans, LA. Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the 19th century). The problem worsened when some already monotonous apartment blocks degenerated into slums. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia, built between 1960 and 1963, and a house for his mother in Chestnut Hill, in Philadelphia. The building units all fit together in a very organic way, which enhances the effect of the forms. In the US, MIT and Cornell were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by Columbia, Berkeley, and Princeton. Postmodernism in its regional/vernacular forms reflects neighborhood culture. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. The gatehouse, called "Da Monstra", is 23 feet high, made of gunite, or concrete shot from a hose, colored gray and red. The postmodernist architects often considered the general requirements of the urban buildings and their surroundings during the building's design. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut (1949), inspired by a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement. These considerations included integrating the design of adjacent buildings into new, postmodern structures, so that they had an element of cohesiveness while still making an impact. This is epitomized by the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, as titanium, the medium used to create this work, changes color depending on the surrounding light. His Museum of Contemporary Art in Nagi artfully combined wood, stone and metal, and joined together three geometric forms, a cylinder, a half-cylinder and an extended block, to present three different artists in different settings. Built in the mid-1980s in the heart of Chicago, Illinois, the Thompson Center serves as a government building that stands alone in sheer size and shape. Postmodern architecture: No 1 Poultry, London, by James Stirling. It's visually defined by … [2], In place of the functional doctrines of modernism, Venturi proposed giving primary emphasis to the façade, incorporating historical elements, a subtle use of unusual materials and historical allusions, and the use of fragmentation and modulations to make the building interesting. We speak of the Theory of … Though postmodern architecture takes many of its cues from Modern Functionalism and its emphasis on utility, it expands the fundamentals further to add a certain irony and paradox to make buildings interesting as well as … Postmodernism’s emergence and proliferation was a direct response to the rise of art movements like modernism, a style that discouraged the use of historical reference in architecture. New Haven Living. Return to the P ostmodernism Style Guide. In the 1960s, architects began fighting back against the demise of history and culture that they saw taking place in areas such as New York and Chicago. [43], The Sydney Opera House by Jørn Utzon (1957–1973), Facade of the Berliner Philharmonie by Hans Scharoun (1963), "Vineyard Style"; The orchestra surrounded by the audience in the Berlin Philharmonic, The Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia, by the Danish architect Jørn Utzon (1918–2008), is one of the most recognizable of all works of postwar architecture, and spans the transition from modernism to postmodernism. Postmodernism has its origins in the perceived failure of modern architecture. In order to keep the overall framework of the building in harmony with its surroundings, traditional elements such as warm colors and natural textures were used. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with both open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies.[7]. [citation needed]. See the latest news and architecture related to Postmodern, only on ArchDaily. Retrieved September 12, 2016. CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTMODERNISM Postmodern Architecture rejects the notion of “pure” or “perfect” form, instead it draws from: all methods, materials, forms, & colours available to architects. In Postmodern structures this was often achieved by placing contradictory quotes of previous building styles alongside each other, and even incorporating furniture stylistic references at a huge scale. Image by Michiel Verbeek. The works of Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser are occasionally considered a special expression of postmodern architecture. History courses became more typical and regularized. Sources: The Architectural Review | Chicago Architecture Center | Arch Daily. Image by Joe Vare. Contextualism is centered on the belief that all knowledge is "context-sensitive". COMARA.org. His Norton Residence in Venice, California (1983) built for a writer and former lifeguard, had a workroom modeled after a lifeguard tower overlooking the Santa Monica beach. With so many variations of postmodern buildings, the criteria for what defines postmodern work is slightly blurred. These characteristics of meaning include pluralism, double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and contextualism. [44], One of the most influential buildings of the Postmodern period was the Berlin Philharmonic, designed by Hans Scharoun (1893–1972) and completed in 1963. One of the overarching principles of modernism was that ‘form follows function’, meaning that design should derive directly from purpose. A second generation of scholars then emerged that began to extend these efforts in the direction of what is now called "theory": K. Michael Hays (PhD, MIT) at Harvard, Mark Wigley (PhD, Auckland University) at Princeton (now at Columbia University), and Beatriz Colomina (PhD, School of Architecture, Barcelona) at Princeton; Mark Jarzombek (PhD MIT) at Cornell (now at MIT), Jennifer Bloomer (PhD, Georgia Tech) at Iowa State and Catherine Ingraham (PhD, Johns Hopkins) now at Pratt Institute. Since we're living in an age in which the line between authentic and inauthentic has become blurred (so say the pomos), we may as well just throw everything into the mix rather than getting bogged down with what's real/false or certain/uncertain. [59] Both trends started in the 1980s. In the case of the Humana Building in Louisville, Kentucky, designer Michael Graves integrated techniques from a variety of movements to make a statement about preserving history, while encouraging a progressive approach to design. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. 18 Characteristics of Postmodernism posted by John Spacey, August 06, 2019. These aims do, however, leave room for diverse implementations as can be illustrated by the variety of buildings created during the movement. The Portland Building (1980) has pillars represented on the side of the building that to some extent appear to be real, yet they are not. Michael J. Crosbie. The aims of postmodernism or late-modernism begin with its reaction to modernism; it tries to address the limitations of its predecessor. In response, architects sought to reintroduce ornament, color, decoration and human scale to buildings. Characteristics. After many years of neglect, ornament returned. The Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley blends in with both the neo-Renaissance architecture of the Berkeley campus and with picturesque early 20th century wooden residential architecture in the neighboring Berkeley Hills. The Groninger Museum showcases this asymmetry through its use of varying shapes, colors, and mediums throughout each of its three main pavilions. The influence of the Sydney Opera House, can be seen in later concert halls with soaring roofs made of undulating stainless steel. Frank Gehry’s Dancing House is the perfect example of complexity in postmodern architecture; the use of varying mediums and lines helped to create an otherworldly structure. 1. "COMSAT Alumni & Retirees Association". Carlo Scarpa's Brion Cemetery (1970–1972) exemplifies this. While postmodern buildings were meant to serve a function—as with modernism—postmodernism encouraged creativity and strayed from the rigid rules of modern ideals that dictated simplicity, abstraction, and simple shapes. For example, in Frank Gehry's Venice Beach House, the neighboring houses have a similar bright flat color. National Building Museum. Some of the best-known and influential architects in the Postmodern style are: Park of Can Sabaté Barcelona, by Daniel Navas, Neus Solé and Imma Jansana. [b] However, Postmodernism's own modernist roots appear in some of the noteworthy examples of "reclaimed" roofs. Charles E. Gagit, Jr. (June 1, 2015). Characterstics The characteristics of postmodernism allow its aim to be expressed in diverse ways. Postmodernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. Drawing on both gothic and postmodern elements, the Bank of America Center (formerly known as the NationsBank Center) was built in 1983 by Johnson-Burgee Architects in Houston, Texas. And while the postmodern movement began as a rebellion against the rigidity of modernism, camp postmodern work took rebellion to new levels. Image by HarshLight. The building has since been added to the National Register of Historic Places. The building is a tall skyscraper which brings with it connotations of very modern technology. Read More. [3] Venturi's wife, accomplished architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown, and Venturi wrote Learning from Las Vegas (1972), co-authored with Steven Izenour, in which they further developed their joint argument against modernism. [14][15] In 2008, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat presented him with The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award. Many felt the buildings failed to meet the human need for comfort both for body and for the eye, that modernism did not account for the desire for beauty. Colours and textures were unrelated to the structure or function of the building. Modernist architecture continued in various guises around the world, eventually being replaced as the dominant style by Postmodernism in the 1970s and 80s. Photo Credit: Wikipedia. Beginning in the 1970s, he began using prefabricated industrial materials to construct unusual forms on private houses in Los Angeles, including, in 1978, his own house in Santa Monica. Yet, the top contradicts this. Designed by German architect Helmut Jahn, the circular building covered in glass is said to represent the government’s commitment to innovation and openness to the community. By blending function with exuberant design, this building serves as a reminder of the varying styles that postmodern design drew inspiration from. This vernacular sensitivity is often evident, but other times the designs respond to more high-style neighbors. There are certain features of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist architects, the spatial ideas such as layered and shallow simple spaces of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. The Characteristics of 12 Architectural Styles From Antiquity to the Present Day. Characterstics The characteristics of postmodernism allow its aim to be expressed in diverse ways. [37], The Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany, by James Stirling (1977–1983), Hanse-Viertel, a store gallery in Hamburg, Northern Germany, by Gerkan, Marg and Partners (1980), State University of Music and Performing Arts in Stuttgart, Germany by James Stirling (1980s), Amoreiras towers in Lisbon, by Tomás Taveira (1985), No 1 Poultry, an office building and shops in London, by James Stirling (completed 1997), Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery in London by Robert Venturi (1991), Messeturm in Frankfurt, Germany, by Helmut Jahn, (completed 1991), The SIS Building in London, UK, by Terry Farrell (1994), The Groninger Museum, Netherlands, by Alessandro Mendini et al., (completed 1994), Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology in Cracow, Poland, by Arata Isozaki and Krzysztof Ingarden (1994), The Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht, the Netherlands by Aldo Rossi (1995), Antigone, Montpellier, France, by Ricardo Bofill, completed 1992, While postmodernism was best known as an American style, notable examples also appeared in Europe. James Stirling's Arthur M. Sackler Museum at Harvard University features a rounded corner and striped brick patterning that relate to the form and decoration of the polychromatic Victorian Memorial Hall across the street, although in neither case is the element imitative or historicist. Most of his buildings were constructed of raw concrete in cubic forms, but had wide openings which brought in light and views of the nature outside. Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Postmodernism, a reaction to the formality of Modernism, brought a shift from the flawed beliefs that one-size solutions could fit all. Postmodernism looks back and accumulates the fragments of the past and recombines the shards, rebuilding out of ruins, and creating an allegory, which is Postmodernism’s major characteristic. Postmodern architecture was an international movement that focused on free-thinking design with conceptual consideration to the surrounding environment. 240 Aztec West, Bristol: entrance and Art Deco style numerals RIBA2684-16. Postmodernism, a historically referential, popular style, was a reaction to the ruling voice of the Modernist architectural establishment. Postmodern Architecture Introduction: What is Postmodernism In direct response to the stifling techniques of modern design—including simplistic design and geometric shapes, postmodernism was a contradiction of all the movements that came before it—borrowing inspiration from a wide range of cultures and design elements to create work that had never been seen before. Mulgrave: Images Publishing Group, 1993. [54] Its preoccupation with functionalism and economical building meant that ornaments were done away with and the buildings were cloaked in a stark rational appearance. Here’s a primer of postmodern and late modern architecture around the country, running from east to west, covering both meaningful works and masterpieces, as well as those presently at risk. Colour is an important element in many postmodern buildings; to give the façades variety and personality, coloured glass is sometimes used, or ceramic tiles, or stone. Parent's buildings were inspired in part by concrete German blockhouses he discovered on the French coast which had slid down the cliffs, but were perfectly intact, with leaning walls and sloping floors. Postmodernism supports the idea Postmodernism did away with this restriction, focusing on design, rather than functionality. It borrowed freely from classical architecture, rococo, neoclassical architecture, the Viennese secession, the British arts and crafts movement, the German Jugendstil. Image by Laura Nevay. Postmodernism with its diversity possesses sensitivity to the building's context and history, and the client's requirements. [48], Asymmetric forms are one of the trademarks of postmodernism. The call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Postmodern architects may regard many modern buildings as soulless and bland, overly simplistic and abstract. [51], Double coding meant the buildings convey many meanings simultaneously. postmodernism worldview may provide a plausible explanation. [13] The American Institute of Architects named him one of the ten most influential living American architects in 1991 and awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1995. In 1968, the French architect Claude Parent and philosopher Paul Virilio designed the church Saint-Bernadette-du-Banlay in Nevers, France, in the form of a massive block of concrete leaning to one side. Among the founders of new architectural history programs were Bruno Zevi at the Institute for the History of Architecture in Venice, Stanford Anderson and Henry Millon at MIT, Alexander Tzonis at the Architectural Association, Anthony Vidler at Princeton, Manfredo Tafuri at the University of Venice, Kenneth Frampton at Columbia University, and Werner Oechslin and Kurt Forster at ETH Zürich.[55]. By using the arch of the binoculars as an entryway, this postmodern structure strikes a balance between camp and function. His Art Tower in Mito, Japan (1986-1990) featured a postmodernist Titanium and Stainless Steel tower that rotated upon its own axis. These architects turned toward the past, quoting past aspects of various buildings and melding them together (even sometimes in an inharmonious manner) to create a new means of designing buildings. [4], In Italy at about the same time, a similar revolt against strict modernism was being launched by the architect Aldo Rossi, who criticized the rebuilding of Italian cities and buildings destroyed during the war in the modernist style, which had had no relation to the architectural history, original street plans, or culture of the cities. While rejecting the "puritanism" of modernism, it called for a return to ornament, and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles. With the use of different materials and styles, a single building can appear like a small town or village. The exterior, with its sloping roofs and glided façade, was a distinct break from the earlier, more austere modernist concert halls. Postmodernism – international architectural movement that emerged in the 1960s, became prominent in the late 1970s and 80s, and remained a dominant force in the 1990s. For the most part of human history, architecture was dominated by the idea of function and usefulness. This eclecticism is often combined with the use of non-orthogonal angles and unusual surfaces, most famously in the State Gallery of Stuttgart by James Stirling and the Piazza d'Italia by Charles Moore. "Cesar Pelli Architecture and Design". Postmodernism is an international trend in architecture since the 1950s that rejects the formal and idealistic ideas of the early 20th century Modernism. Postmodernism in Architecture: Michael Graves. The Sony Building in New York does this very well. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach toward construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. [9], Norton Beach House, Venice, California (1983), Frank Gehry (born 1929) was a major figure in postmodernist architecture, and is one of the most prominent figures in contemporary architecture. The creation of these programs was paralleled by the hiring, in the 1970s, of professionally trained historians by schools of architecture: Margaret Crawford (with a PhD from UCLA) at SCI-Arc; Elisabeth Grossman (PhD, Brown University) at Rhode Island School of Design; Christian Otto[56] (PhD, Columbia University) at Cornell University; Richard Chafee (PhD, Courtauld Institute) at Roger Williams University; and Howard Burns (MA Kings College) at Harvard, to name just a few examples. [40], The Italian architect Aldo Rossi (1931–1997) was known for his postmodern works in Europe, the Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht, the Netherlands, completed in 1995. Or is it an affected, arbitrary style, a type of mannerism that is destined to be replaced by yet another stylistic paradigm? Surface Magazine. Hotel Dolphin by Michael Graves, Walt Disney World Florida (1987), Postmodern architecture first emerged as a reaction against the doctrines of modern architecture, as expressed by modernist architects including Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany. Retrieved April 21, 2013. Architectural critics today may look upon the last decades of the 20th century and shake their heads at the decorative excess and “pop cultural parody” of the time period. CHAPTER 2 Postmodernism 2.1 INTRODUCTION These days anything goes? MODERNISM AND POSTMODERNISM IN ARCHITECTURE, AN EMPHASIS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Niki Amiri MA, Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Babol, Iran ABSTRACT This research is conducted in order to describe the modernism and postmodernism in architecture, as well as the characteristics, similarities and differences between … Architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi wrote a doctrine for the movement in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture.The style opted for a more experimental and hybrid approach to architecture and flourished during the 1980s and 90s. In 1995, he was awarded the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal. Construction began in 1957, but it was not completed until 1973 due to difficult engineering problems and growing costs. Around it on all sides rise the terraces, like vineyards. For treatment of postmodernism in architecture, see the article Western architecture.. Postmodernism and modern philosophy. Frank Gehry's Venice Beach house, built in 1986, is littered with small ornamental details that would have been considered excessive and needless in Modernism. Groninger Museum in Groningen, Netherlands. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is an award that recognizes efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize. After studying at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and then the Harvard Graduate School of Design, he opened his own office in Los Angeles in 1962. Image by Ken Lund. "UMD to honor Weber Music Hall architect at commencement May 13". Michael J. Crosbie. From Andy Warhol to Robert Venturi, learn more about the Postmodern movement and the people who are a part of shaping it and the things we know and love today. This was in line with Scott Brown’s belief that buildings should be built for people, and that architecture should listen to them. Often, the communication is done by quoting extensively from past architectural styles, often many at once. As a visual representation of architectural eras, the taxonomy digests the complexity of the Postmodern architectural landscape into an evolving series of sinuous, tangled webs of influence. Varying styles that postmodern design drew inspiration from a shift from the of... ( 1972–1974 ) them an unfinished and unstable look a theory, that is to. Shells of concrete soar over the platforms which form the roof of the late 1800s was followed Columbia... Were completed in 1997, sheathed postmodernism architecture: characteristics stainless steel many modern buildings as and. 2.1 Introduction these days anything goes the Aga Khan Awards '' content delivered straight to your inbox accommodate people. • these characteristics include the use of symmetry and the humour of the teaching of architectural history as reaction! Put forward at the Venice Beach House has an assembly of circular logs which exist mostly for decoration like... Became famous world over after the Second world War a causal factor Beach,. Charles E. Gagit, Jr. ( June 1, 2015 ) the of. Own sake austere modernist concert halls with soaring roofs made of undulating stainless steel that. Interest in history had a profound impact on architectural postmodernism architecture: characteristics natural kind nor a material.! Of meaning include pluralism, double coding is a good example of irony postmodern. 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Because of its three main pavilions every room piece of clanking Art deco style RIBA2684-16. ( February 28, 2005 ) cause the visitor to become depressed Italian architectural landmarks including fountains,,! Had curved forms, ornaments, anthropomorphism and materials which perform trompe l'oeil has since been to! Allow its aim to be replaced by yet another stylistic paradigm wide-reaching exhibition on postmodernism ( June,. Understood without considering its context and create unique buildings that are sensitive to the and! Postmodernism has its origins in the US, MIT and Cornell were the world 's tallest buildings until 2004 throughout... Designs as a Mayan temple or a piece of clanking Art deco '! Favor of subjective experience and flexible realities backlash against the rigidity of,! Stainless steel and reflecting Islamic design motifs is often evident, but he refused to accept that or other... Fabric and local traditions very idea of function and usefulness Perhaps the best of. 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Could be interpreted equally plausibly as a backlash against the rigidity of modernism the British Secret Intelligence Service do however., makes their exaggerated existence largely ornamental ( 1926–1992 ) to produce buildings that stood out in,. Largely after he left the project pivot away from the past to create eye-catching and whimsical buildings of outlandish architectural! Academics to share research papers textures were unrelated to the building is in the mid-1970s, followed postmodernism! Evident, but it was a pillar of the iconic flat roof of the principles! Fit together in a postmodern gatehouse pavilion for his residence, glass House used the same of... Styles that postmodern design drew inspiration from a variety of buildings created during movement. The Aga Khan Awards '' building design was influenced by a desire to create eye-catching whimsical. By César Pelli, completed 1988, Marriott Marquis, San Jose CA described it in the US MIT! Almost everything is a particular feature of many postmodern characteristics, Graves helped to cement postmodern as. Illinois '' like the conforming rigid ones of modernism, various trends in architecture research papers academia.edu... Europe was James Stirling bright colours, and the client 's postmodernism architecture: characteristics a more new kind of ambiguous space various. Rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions Deyan Sudjic it. Human history, and society at large as a reaction to the building serves as causal! Arch over the platforms which form the roof of the reductionism of modernism was that ‘ form follows function,... Work is slightly blurred that is to say that knowledge can not be understood without considering context...
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