As community workers, our role is to help the community identify their strengths and potential, help them build relationships and listen to, and build on, the aspirations and priorities of community members. The author argues that despite the comparative advantage of this NGO[1], the participation of their stakeholders, including local community members, is tokenistic as decisions are largely top-down. The Bottom-Up Approach of Community-Based Ethnic Tourism: A Case Study in Chiang Rai Polladach Theerapappisit * School of Social Sciences and Psycho logy, University of Western Sydney Australia 1. The first approach, participatory evaluation, actively engages the community in all stages of the evaluation process. Introduction This chapter introduces the concept of community-based tourism, as a part of economic development plans in Thailand. Community participation in water management experiences from Zimbabwe, Frankfurt: DSE. In the community development process model (Figure 4.1), the role of . Generally speaking, ‘community engagement finds itself expressed through bottom-up approaches, community ownership, “relevance” to the community, and collaborative approaches’ (Campbell and Christie 2008, p. 6). Logically, a participatory planning approach should be effective. Bottom-up approaches work from grassroots level upward, feature community action, build on existing community strengths, and stimulate community-government collaboration. argued that “a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches is likely to prove far more potent” than standards-based accountabil-ity alone.11 Chester E. Finn Jr. also argues for the bene‹ts of both approaches simultaneously, calling for a “public policy pluralism” involving standards and choice.12 Tom Loveless is one of the few Two approaches are particularly useful when framing an evaluation of community engagement programs; both engage stakeholders. ited form of participation as it focuses just on the act of voting. In one, the emphasis is on the importance of participation; in the other, it is on empowerment. It implies respect for everyone in the community, and thus sets a standard for community participation and empowerment that other organizations - and the community at large - may feel compelled to follow. Many different actors in development adopt the language of participation, but with different and sometimes contradictory motivations and objectives. public participation may start with public action and shift to public involve-ment, depending on the organizational context and “ownership” of the pro-cess. Despite each Rather than adopting a top-down approach with us as the experts, we need to be skilled at bottom-up approaches. Keywords: Evaluation, top-bottom, bottom-top, mixed method, Participation, community Development 1. In our view, the challenge of seeking a universal definition of community … Therefore, this article explores four fundamental critiques of the participatory bottom-up approach, including tokenism (McIvor, Community participation in water management experiences from Zimbabwe, Frankfurt: DSE 2000 McIvor, C. 2000. Participation is a ‘buzz word’ in international development, a term that embraces a wide range of possible meanings. This requires action across all four groups and is consistent with a top-down, bottom-up parallel tracking approach to community empowerment (Laverack, 2011). 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